2025
Doumen, Jonas; Schmalz, Veronica Juliana; Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
The Computational Learning of Construction Grammars: State of the Art and Prospective Roadmap Journal Article Forthcoming
In: Constructions and Frames, Forthcoming.
@article{doumen2025computational,
title = {The Computational Learning of Construction Grammars: State of the Art and Prospective Roadmap},
author = {Jonas Doumen and {Veronica Juliana} Schmalz and Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07606},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Constructions and Frames},
abstract = {This paper documents and reviews the state of the art concerning computational models of construction grammar learning. It brings together prior work on the computational learning of form-meaning pairings, which has so far been studied in several distinct areas of research. The goal of this paper is threefold. First of all, it aims to synthesise the variety of methodologies that have been proposed to date and the results that have been obtained. Second, it aims to identify those parts of the challenge that have been successfully tackled and reveal those that require further research. Finally, it aims to provide a roadmap which can help to boost and streamline future research efforts on the computational learning of large-scale, usage-based construction grammars.},
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This paper documents and reviews the state of the art concerning computational models of construction grammar learning. It brings together prior work on the computational learning of form-meaning pairings, which has so far been studied in several distinct areas of research. The goal of this paper is threefold. First of all, it aims to synthesise the variety of methodologies that have been proposed to date and the results that have been obtained. Second, it aims to identify those parts of the challenge that have been successfully tackled and reveal those that require further research. Finally, it aims to provide a roadmap which can help to boost and streamline future research efforts on the computational learning of large-scale, usage-based construction grammars.
Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Construction Grammar and Artificial Intelligence Book Chapter Forthcoming
In: Fried, Mirjam; Nikiforidou, Kiki (Ed.): The Cambridge Handbook of Construction Grammar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Forthcoming.
@inbook{beuls2025construction,
title = {Construction Grammar and Artificial Intelligence},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
editor = {Mirjam Fried and Kiki Nikiforidou},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00135},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-00-00},
urldate = {2024-00-00},
booktitle = {The Cambridge Handbook of Construction Grammar},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
address = {Cambridge},
abstract = {In this chapter, we argue that it is highly beneficial for the contemporary construction grammarian to have a thorough understanding of the strong relationship between the research fields of construction grammar and artificial intelligence. We start by unravelling the historical links between the two fields, showing that their relationship is rooted in a common attitude towards human communication and language. We then discuss the first direction of influence, focusing on how insights and techniques from the field of artificial intelligence play an important role in operationalising, validating, and scaling constructionist approaches to language. We then proceed to the second direction of influence, highlighting the relevance of construction grammar insights and analyses to the artificial intelligence endeavour of building truly intelligent agents. We support our case with a variety of illustrative examples and conclude that the further elaboration of this relationship will play a key role in shaping the future of the field of construction grammar.},
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In this chapter, we argue that it is highly beneficial for the contemporary construction grammarian to have a thorough understanding of the strong relationship between the research fields of construction grammar and artificial intelligence. We start by unravelling the historical links between the two fields, showing that their relationship is rooted in a common attitude towards human communication and language. We then discuss the first direction of influence, focusing on how insights and techniques from the field of artificial intelligence play an important role in operationalising, validating, and scaling constructionist approaches to language. We then proceed to the second direction of influence, highlighting the relevance of construction grammar insights and analyses to the artificial intelligence endeavour of building truly intelligent agents. We support our case with a variety of illustrative examples and conclude that the further elaboration of this relationship will play a key role in shaping the future of the field of construction grammar.
2024
Doumen, Jonas; Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Modelling constructivist language acquisition through syntactico-semantic pattern finding Journal Article
In: Royal Society Open Science, vol. 11, iss. 7, pp. 231998, 2024.
@article{doumen2024modelling,
title = {Modelling constructivist language acquisition through syntactico-semantic pattern finding},
author = {Jonas Doumen and Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231998},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-10},
urldate = {2024-09-10},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
volume = {11},
issue = {7},
pages = {231998},
abstract = {The constructivist acquisition of language by children has been elaborately documented by researchers in psycholinguistics and cognitive science. However, despite the centrality of human-like communication in the field of artificial intelligence, no faithful computational operationalizations of the mechanisms through which children learn language exist to date. In this article, we fill part of this void by introducing a mechanistic model of the constructivist acquisition of language through syntactico-semantic pattern finding. Concretely, we present a methodology for learning grammars based on similarities and differences in the form and meaning of linguistic observations alone. The resulting grammars consist of form-meaning mappings of variable extent and degree of abstraction, called constructions, which facilitate both language comprehension and production. Applying our methodology to the CLEVR benchmark dataset, we provide a proof of concept that demonstrates the online, incremental, data-efficient, transparent and effective learning of item-based construction grammars from utterance\textendashmeaning pairs.},
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The constructivist acquisition of language by children has been elaborately documented by researchers in psycholinguistics and cognitive science. However, despite the centrality of human-like communication in the field of artificial intelligence, no faithful computational operationalizations of the mechanisms through which children learn language exist to date. In this article, we fill part of this void by introducing a mechanistic model of the constructivist acquisition of language through syntactico-semantic pattern finding. Concretely, we present a methodology for learning grammars based on similarities and differences in the form and meaning of linguistic observations alone. The resulting grammars consist of form-meaning mappings of variable extent and degree of abstraction, called constructions, which facilitate both language comprehension and production. Applying our methodology to the CLEVR benchmark dataset, we provide a proof of concept that demonstrates the online, incremental, data-efficient, transparent and effective learning of item-based construction grammars from utterance–meaning pairs.
Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Humans Learn Language from Situated Communicative Interactions. What about Machines? Journal Article Forthcoming
In: Computational Linguistics, pp. 1-34, Forthcoming.
@article{beuls2024humans,
title = {Humans Learn Language from Situated Communicative Interactions. What about Machines? },
author = {Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00534},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-10},
urldate = {2024-09-10},
journal = {Computational Linguistics},
pages = {1-34},
abstract = {Humans acquire their native languages by taking part in communicative interactions with their caregivers. These interactions are meaningful, intentional, and situated in their everyday environment. The situated and communicative nature of the interactions is essential to the language acquisition process, as language learners depend on clues provided by the communicative environment to make sense of the utterances they perceive. As such, the linguistic knowledge they build up is rooted in linguistic forms, their meaning, and their communicative function. When it comes to machines, the situated, communicative, and interactional aspects of language learning are often passed over. This applies in particular to today’s large language models (LLMs), where the input is predominantly text-based, and where the distribution of character groups or words serves as a basis for modeling the meaning of linguistic expressions. In this article, we argue that this design choice lies at the root of a number of important limitations, in particular regarding the data hungriness of the models, their limited ability to perform human-like logical and pragmatic reasoning, and their susceptibility to biases. At the same time, we make a case for an alternative approach that models how artificial agents can acquire linguistic structures by participating in situated communicative interactions. Through a selection of experiments, we show how the linguistic knowledge that is captured in the resulting models is of a fundamentally different nature than the knowledge captured by LLMs and argue that this change of perspective provides a promising path towards more human-like language processing in machines.},
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Humans acquire their native languages by taking part in communicative interactions with their caregivers. These interactions are meaningful, intentional, and situated in their everyday environment. The situated and communicative nature of the interactions is essential to the language acquisition process, as language learners depend on clues provided by the communicative environment to make sense of the utterances they perceive. As such, the linguistic knowledge they build up is rooted in linguistic forms, their meaning, and their communicative function. When it comes to machines, the situated, communicative, and interactional aspects of language learning are often passed over. This applies in particular to today’s large language models (LLMs), where the input is predominantly text-based, and where the distribution of character groups or words serves as a basis for modeling the meaning of linguistic expressions. In this article, we argue that this design choice lies at the root of a number of important limitations, in particular regarding the data hungriness of the models, their limited ability to perform human-like logical and pragmatic reasoning, and their susceptibility to biases. At the same time, we make a case for an alternative approach that models how artificial agents can acquire linguistic structures by participating in situated communicative interactions. Through a selection of experiments, we show how the linguistic knowledge that is captured in the resulting models is of a fundamentally different nature than the knowledge captured by LLMs and argue that this change of perspective provides a promising path towards more human-like language processing in machines.
Vos, Liesbet De; Nevens, Jens; Eecke, Paul Van; Beuls, Katrien
Construction grammar and procedural semantics for human-interpretable grounded language processing Journal Article
In: Linguistics Vanguard, 2024.
@article{devos2024construction,
title = {Construction grammar and procedural semantics for human-interpretable grounded language processing},
author = {Liesbet {De Vos} and Jens Nevens and Paul {Van Eecke} and Katrien Beuls},
url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingvan-2022-0054/html?lang=en},
doi = {10.1515/lingvan-2022-0054},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-03-15},
urldate = {2024-03-15},
journal = {Linguistics Vanguard},
abstract = {Grounded language processing is a crucial component in many artificial intelligence systems, as it allows agents to communicate about their physical surroundings. State-of-the-art approaches typically employ deep learning techniques that perform end-to-end mappings between natural language expressions and representations grounded in the environment. Although these techniques achieve high levels of accuracy, they are often criticized for their lack of interpretability and their reliance on large amounts of training data. As an alternative, we propose a fully interpretable, data-efficient architecture for grounded language processing. The architecture is based on two main components. The first component comprises an inventory of human-interpretable concepts learned through task-based communicative interactions. These concepts connect the sensorimotor experiences of an agent to meaningful symbols that can be used for reasoning operations. The second component is a computational construction grammar that maps between natural language expressions and procedural semantic representations. These representations are grounded through their integration with the learned concepts. We validate the architecture using a variation on the CLEVR benchmark, achieving an accuracy of 96 %. Our experiments demonstrate that the integration of a computational construction grammar with an inventory of interpretable grounded concepts can effectively achieve human-interpretable grounded language processing in the CLEVR environment.},
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Grounded language processing is a crucial component in many artificial intelligence systems, as it allows agents to communicate about their physical surroundings. State-of-the-art approaches typically employ deep learning techniques that perform end-to-end mappings between natural language expressions and representations grounded in the environment. Although these techniques achieve high levels of accuracy, they are often criticized for their lack of interpretability and their reliance on large amounts of training data. As an alternative, we propose a fully interpretable, data-efficient architecture for grounded language processing. The architecture is based on two main components. The first component comprises an inventory of human-interpretable concepts learned through task-based communicative interactions. These concepts connect the sensorimotor experiences of an agent to meaningful symbols that can be used for reasoning operations. The second component is a computational construction grammar that maps between natural language expressions and procedural semantic representations. These representations are grounded through their integration with the learned concepts. We validate the architecture using a variation on the CLEVR benchmark, achieving an accuracy of 96 %. Our experiments demonstrate that the integration of a computational construction grammar with an inventory of interpretable grounded concepts can effectively achieve human-interpretable grounded language processing in the CLEVR environment.
2023
Doumen, Jonas; Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Modelling Language Acquisition through Syntactico-Semantic Pattern Finding Proceedings Article
In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2023, pp. 1317-1327, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023.
@inproceedings{doumen2023modelling,
title = {Modelling Language Acquisition through Syntactico-Semantic Pattern Finding},
author = {Jonas Doumen and Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-eacl.99/},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-01},
booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2023},
pages = {1317-1327},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
abstract = {Usage-based theories of language acquisition have extensively documented the processes by which children acquire language through communicative interaction. Notably, Tomasello (2003) distinguishes two main cognitive capacities that underlie human language acquisition: intention reading and pattern finding. Intention reading is the process by which children try to continuously reconstruct the intended meaning of their interlocutors. Pattern finding refers to the process that allows them to distil linguistic schemata from multiple communicative interactions. Even though the fields of cognitive science and psycholinguistics have studied these processes in depth, no faithful computational operationalisations of these mechanisms through which children learn language exist to date. The research on which we report in this paper aims to fill part of this void by introducing a computational operationalisation of syntactico-semantic pattern finding. Concretely, we present a methodology for learning grammars based on similarities and differences in the form and meaning of linguistic observations alone. Our methodology is able to learn compositional lexical and item-based constructions of variable extent and degree of abstraction, along with a network of emergent syntactic categories. We evaluate our methodology on the CLEVR benchmark dataset and show that the methodology allows for fast, incremental and effective learning. The constructions and categorial network that result from the learning process are fully transparent and bidirectional, facilitating both language comprehension and production. Theoretically, our model provides computational evidence for the learnability of usage-based constructionist theories of language acquisition. Practically, the techniques that we present facilitate the learning of computationally tractable, usage-based construction grammars, which are applicable for natural language understanding and production tasks.},
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Usage-based theories of language acquisition have extensively documented the processes by which children acquire language through communicative interaction. Notably, Tomasello (2003) distinguishes two main cognitive capacities that underlie human language acquisition: intention reading and pattern finding. Intention reading is the process by which children try to continuously reconstruct the intended meaning of their interlocutors. Pattern finding refers to the process that allows them to distil linguistic schemata from multiple communicative interactions. Even though the fields of cognitive science and psycholinguistics have studied these processes in depth, no faithful computational operationalisations of these mechanisms through which children learn language exist to date. The research on which we report in this paper aims to fill part of this void by introducing a computational operationalisation of syntactico-semantic pattern finding. Concretely, we present a methodology for learning grammars based on similarities and differences in the form and meaning of linguistic observations alone. Our methodology is able to learn compositional lexical and item-based constructions of variable extent and degree of abstraction, along with a network of emergent syntactic categories. We evaluate our methodology on the CLEVR benchmark dataset and show that the methodology allows for fast, incremental and effective learning. The constructions and categorial network that result from the learning process are fully transparent and bidirectional, facilitating both language comprehension and production. Theoretically, our model provides computational evidence for the learnability of usage-based constructionist theories of language acquisition. Practically, the techniques that we present facilitate the learning of computationally tractable, usage-based construction grammars, which are applicable for natural language understanding and production tasks.
Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Fluid Construction Grammar: State of the Art and Future Outlook Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Construction Grammars and NLP (CxGs+NLP, GURT/SyntaxFest 2023), pp. 41-50, 2023.
@inproceedings{beuls2023fluid,
title = {Fluid Construction Grammar: State of the Art and Future Outlook},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.cxgsnlp-1.6/},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-03-01},
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2022
Eecke, Paul Van; Nevens, Jens; Beuls, Katrien
Neural Heuristics for Constructional Language Processing Journal Article
In: Journal of Language Modelling, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 287–314, 2022.
@article{vaneecke2022neural,
title = {Neural Heuristics for Constructional Language Processing},
author = {Paul {Van Eecke} and Jens Nevens and Katrien Beuls},
url = {https://jlm.ipipan.waw.pl/index.php/JLM/article/view/318},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-28},
journal = {Journal of Language Modelling},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {287\textendash314},
abstract = {Constructionist approaches to language make use of form-meaning pairings, called constructions, to capture all linguistic knowledge that is necessary for comprehending and producing natural language expressions. Language processing consists then in combining the constructions of a grammar in such a way that they solve a given language comprehension or production problem. Finding such an adequate sequence of constructions constitutes a search problem that is combinatorial in nature and becomes intractable as grammars increase in size. In this paper, we introduce a neural methodology for learning heuristics that substantially optimise the search processes involved in constructional language processing. We validate the methodology in a case study for the CLEVR benchmark dataset. We show that our novel methodology outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of size of the search space and time of computation, most markedly in the production direction. The results reported on in this paper have the potential to overcome the major efficiency obstacle that hinders current efforts in learning large-scale construction grammars, thereby contributing to the development of scalable constructional language processing systems.},
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Constructionist approaches to language make use of form-meaning pairings, called constructions, to capture all linguistic knowledge that is necessary for comprehending and producing natural language expressions. Language processing consists then in combining the constructions of a grammar in such a way that they solve a given language comprehension or production problem. Finding such an adequate sequence of constructions constitutes a search problem that is combinatorial in nature and becomes intractable as grammars increase in size. In this paper, we introduce a neural methodology for learning heuristics that substantially optimise the search processes involved in constructional language processing. We validate the methodology in a case study for the CLEVR benchmark dataset. We show that our novel methodology outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of size of the search space and time of computation, most markedly in the production direction. The results reported on in this paper have the potential to overcome the major efficiency obstacle that hinders current efforts in learning large-scale construction grammars, thereby contributing to the development of scalable constructional language processing systems.
Nevens, Jens; Doumen, Jonas; Eecke, Paul Van; Beuls, Katrien
Language Acquisition through Intention Reading and Pattern Finding Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 15-25, 2022.
@inproceedings{nevens2022language,
title = {Language Acquisition through Intention Reading and Pattern Finding},
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year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
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van Trijp, Remi; Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
The FCG Editor: An innovative environment for engineering computational construction grammars Journal Article
In: PLOS ONE, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1-27, 2022.
@article{vantrijp2022fcg,
title = {The FCG Editor: An innovative environment for engineering computational construction grammars},
author = {Remi {van Trijp} and Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke}},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0269708},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {1-27},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {Since its inception in the mid-eighties, the field of construction grammar has been steadily growing and constructionist approaches to language have by now become a mainstream paradigm for linguistic research. While the construction grammar community has traditionally focused on theoretical, experimental and corpus-based research, the importance of computational methodologies is now rapidly increasing. This movement has led to the establishment of a number of exploratory computational construction grammar formalisms, which facilitate the implementation of construction grammars, as well as their use for language processing purposes. Yet, implementing large grammars using these formalisms still remains a challenging task, partly due to a lack of powerful and user-friendly tools for computational construction grammar engineering. In order to overcome this obstacle, this paper introduces the FCG Editor, a dedicated and innovative integrated development environment for the Fluid Construction Grammar formalism. Offering a straightforward installation and a user-friendly, interactive interface, the FCG Editor is an accessible, yet powerful tool for construction grammarians who wish to operationalise their construction grammar insights and analyses in order to computationally verify them, corroborate them with corpus data, or integrate them in language technology applications.},
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Since its inception in the mid-eighties, the field of construction grammar has been steadily growing and constructionist approaches to language have by now become a mainstream paradigm for linguistic research. While the construction grammar community has traditionally focused on theoretical, experimental and corpus-based research, the importance of computational methodologies is now rapidly increasing. This movement has led to the establishment of a number of exploratory computational construction grammar formalisms, which facilitate the implementation of construction grammars, as well as their use for language processing purposes. Yet, implementing large grammars using these formalisms still remains a challenging task, partly due to a lack of powerful and user-friendly tools for computational construction grammar engineering. In order to overcome this obstacle, this paper introduces the FCG Editor, a dedicated and innovative integrated development environment for the Fluid Construction Grammar formalism. Offering a straightforward installation and a user-friendly, interactive interface, the FCG Editor is an accessible, yet powerful tool for construction grammarians who wish to operationalise their construction grammar insights and analyses in order to computationally verify them, corroborate them with corpus data, or integrate them in language technology applications.
2021
Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van; Cangalovic, Vanja Sophie
A Computational Construction Grammar Approach to Semantic Frame Extraction Journal Article
In: Linguistics Vanguard, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 20180015, 2021.
@article{beuls2021computational,
title = {A Computational Construction Grammar Approach to Semantic Frame Extraction},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Paul {Van Eecke} and Vanja Sophie Cangalovic},
url = {https://ehai.ai.vub.ac.be/assets/pdfs/beuls2021computational.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2018-0015},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Linguistics Vanguard},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {20180015},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
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2020
van Trijp, Remi
Making good on a promise: Multi-dimensional constructions Journal Article
In: Belgian Journal of Linguistics, vol. 34, pp. 357-370, 2020, ISBN: 9789027259851.
@article{vantrijp2020making,
title = {Making good on a promise: Multi-dimensional constructions},
author = {Remi van Trijp},
editor = {Timothy Colleman and Frank Brisard and Astrid De Wit and Renata Enghels and Nikos Koutsoukos and Tanja Mortelmans and Mar\'{i}a Sol Sansi\~{n}ena},
url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/bjl.00059.tri},
isbn = {9789027259851},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Belgian Journal of Linguistics},
volume = {34},
pages = {357-370},
abstract = {Construction Grammar was founded on the promise of maximal empirical coverage without compromising on formal precision. Its main claim is that all linguistic knowledge can be represented as constructions, similar to the notion of constructions from traditional grammars. As such, Construction Grammar may finally reconcile the needs of descriptive and theoretical linguistics by establishing a common ground between them. Unfortunately, while the construction grammar community has developed a sophisticated understanding of what a construction is supposed to be, many critics still believe that a construction is simply a new jacket for traditional linguistic analyses and therefore inherits all of the problems of those analyses. The goal of this article is to refute such criticisms by showing how constructions can be formalized as open-ended and multidimensional linguistic representations that make no prior assumptions about the structure of a language. While this article’s proposal can be simply written down in a pen-and-paper style, it verifies the validity of its approach through a computational implementation of German field topology in Fluid Construction Grammar.},
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Construction Grammar was founded on the promise of maximal empirical coverage without compromising on formal precision. Its main claim is that all linguistic knowledge can be represented as constructions, similar to the notion of constructions from traditional grammars. As such, Construction Grammar may finally reconcile the needs of descriptive and theoretical linguistics by establishing a common ground between them. Unfortunately, while the construction grammar community has developed a sophisticated understanding of what a construction is supposed to be, many critics still believe that a construction is simply a new jacket for traditional linguistic analyses and therefore inherits all of the problems of those analyses. The goal of this article is to refute such criticisms by showing how constructions can be formalized as open-ended and multidimensional linguistic representations that make no prior assumptions about the structure of a language. While this article’s proposal can be simply written down in a pen-and-paper style, it verifies the validity of its approach through a computational implementation of German field topology in Fluid Construction Grammar.
2019
Nevens, Jens; Eecke, Paul Van; Beuls, Katrien
Computational Construction Grammar for Visual Question Answering Journal Article
In: Linguistics Vanguard, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2019, ISSN: 2199-174X.
@article{nevens2019computationalb,
title = {Computational Construction Grammar for Visual Question Answering},
author = {Jens Nevens and Paul {Van Eecke} and Katrien Beuls},
url = {https://ehai.ai.vub.ac.be/assets/pdfs/ccxg-for-vqa.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2018-0070},
issn = {2199-174X},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Linguistics Vanguard},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {1--16},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
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2018
Eecke, Paul Van
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2018.
@phdthesis{vaneecke2018generalisation,
title = {Generalisation and Specialisation Operators for Computational Construction Grammar and their Application in Evolutionary Linguistics Research},
author = {Paul {Van Eecke}},
url = {https://cris.vub.be/ws/portalfiles/portal/39711319/Paul_Van_Eecke_phd.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
address = {Brussels: VUB Press},
school = {Vrije Universiteit Brussel},
keywords = {},
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Eecke, Paul Van; Beuls, Katrien
Exploring the Creative Potential of Computational Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 341–355, 2018, ISSN: 2196-4726.
@article{30da883aaecd4f11814c93a15a89855f,
title = {Exploring the Creative Potential of Computational Construction Grammar},
author = {Paul {Van Eecke} and Katrien Beuls},
url = {https://ehai.ai.vub.ac.be/assets/pdfs/fcg-creativity.pdf},
doi = {10.1515/zaa-2018-0029},
issn = {2196-4726},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Zeitschrift f\"{u}r Anglistik und Amerikanistik},
volume = {66},
number = {3},
pages = {341--355},
publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
abstract = {Computational construction grammar aims to provide concrete processing models that operationalise construction grammar accounts of the different aspects of language. This paper discusses the computational mechanisms that allow construction grammar models to exhibit, to a certain extent, the creativity and inventiveness that is observed in human language use. It addresses two main types of language-related creativity. The first type concerns the ‘free combination of constructions,’ which gives rise to the open-endedness of language. The second type concerns the ‘appropriate violation of usual constraints’ that permits language users to go beyond what is possible when adhering to the usual constraints of the language, and be truly creative by relaxing these constraints and by introducing novel constructions. All mechanisms and examples discussed in this paper are fully operationalised and implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar.},
keywords = {},
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Computational construction grammar aims to provide concrete processing models that operationalise construction grammar accounts of the different aspects of language. This paper discusses the computational mechanisms that allow construction grammar models to exhibit, to a certain extent, the creativity and inventiveness that is observed in human language use. It addresses two main types of language-related creativity. The first type concerns the ‘free combination of constructions,’ which gives rise to the open-endedness of language. The second type concerns the ‘appropriate violation of usual constraints’ that permits language users to go beyond what is possible when adhering to the usual constraints of the language, and be truly creative by relaxing these constraints and by introducing novel constructions. All mechanisms and examples discussed in this paper are fully operationalised and implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar.
2017
Steels, Luc
Basics of Fluid Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Constructions and frames, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 178-255, 2017, ISBN: 1876-1933.
@article{Steels2017,
title = {Basics of Fluid Construction Grammar},
author = {Luc Steels},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1075/cf.00002.ste},
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abstract = {Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is a fully operational computational platform for developing grammars from a constructional perspective. It contains mechanisms for representing grammars and for using them in computational experiments and applications in language understanding, production and learning. FCG can be used by grammar writers who want to test whether their grammar fragments are complete and coherent for the domain they are investigating (for example verb phrases) or who are working in a team and have to share grammar fragments with others. It can be used by computational linguists implementing practical language processing systems or exploring how machine learning algorithms can acquire grammars. This paper introduces some of the basic mechanisms of FCG, illustrated with examples.},
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Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is a fully operational computational platform for developing grammars from a constructional perspective. It contains mechanisms for representing grammars and for using them in computational experiments and applications in language understanding, production and learning. FCG can be used by grammar writers who want to test whether their grammar fragments are complete and coherent for the domain they are investigating (for example verb phrases) or who are working in a team and have to share grammar fragments with others. It can be used by computational linguists implementing practical language processing systems or exploring how machine learning algorithms can acquire grammars. This paper introduces some of the basic mechanisms of FCG, illustrated with examples.
Beuls, Katrien; Steels, Luc
Approaches to the verb phrase in Fluid Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 175-177, 2017, ISSN: 1876-1933.
@article{7330bce0ab6a46d3ad31ab3152494c2e,
title = {Approaches to the verb phrase in Fluid Construction Grammar},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Luc Steels},
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journal = {Constructions and Frames},
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abstract = {Despite the growing influence of construction grammar in many different areas of language research, we still lack a widely used computational platform for defining and testing construction grammars and for studying constructional processing in parsing, producing, and learning grammars. Such a platform is needed because otherwise we cannot hope to develop and test construction grammars with wide empirical coverage and we cannot use construction grammars as the core of natural language processing applications. But various groups are currently making significant progress in developing operational platforms. This special issue focuses on one of them, namely Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). The papers collected here provide, on the one hand, more information about FCG by introducing the basics mechanisms by which constructions are represented and processed and by illustrating how the formalism …},
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Despite the growing influence of construction grammar in many different areas of language research, we still lack a widely used computational platform for defining and testing construction grammars and for studying constructional processing in parsing, producing, and learning grammars. Such a platform is needed because otherwise we cannot hope to develop and test construction grammars with wide empirical coverage and we cannot use construction grammars as the core of natural language processing applications. But various groups are currently making significant progress in developing operational platforms. This special issue focuses on one of them, namely Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). The papers collected here provide, on the one hand, more information about FCG by introducing the basics mechanisms by which constructions are represented and processed and by illustrating how the formalism …
van Trijp, Remi
A Computational Construction Grammar for English Proceedings Article
In: The AAAI 2017 Spring Symposium on Computational Construction Grammar and Natural Language Understanding Technical Report, pp. 266–273, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2017.
@inproceedings{vantrijp:17a,
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Eecke, Paul Van; Beuls, Katrien
Meta-Layer Problem Solving for Computational Construction Grammar Proceedings Article
In: The 2017 AAAI Spring Symposium Series, pp. 258–265, 2017, ISBN: 978-1-57735-754-4.
@inproceedings{d7b46cb03a7249b59bf572514b95a855,
title = {Meta-Layer Problem Solving for Computational Construction Grammar},
author = {Paul {Van Eecke} and Katrien Beuls},
url = {https://ehai.ai.vub.ac.be/assets/pdfs/meta-layer.pdf},
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abstract = {Bearing the word “fluid” in its name, Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is known for its open-ended nature when it comes to formalising linguistic knowledge in the form of constructions. Yet, it is also flexible with respect to the processing of input that cannot be handled in the standard way. This paper presents a meta-layer architecture that is fully integrated into the FCG language processing framework, as well as a number of powerful and general operators that can be used within this architecture for on-the-fly problem solving and learning of lexical and grammatical constructions.},
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Bearing the word “fluid” in its name, Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) is known for its open-ended nature when it comes to formalising linguistic knowledge in the form of constructions. Yet, it is also flexible with respect to the processing of input that cannot be handled in the standard way. This paper presents a meta-layer architecture that is fully integrated into the FCG language processing framework, as well as a number of powerful and general operators that can be used within this architecture for on-the-fly problem solving and learning of lexical and grammatical constructions.
Eecke, Paul Van
Robust processing of the Dutch verb phrase Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 226–250, 2017, ISSN: 1876-1933.
@article{2f96ee41e1784dc4980ab03daa5c243d,
title = {Robust processing of the Dutch verb phrase},
author = {Paul {Van Eecke}},
doi = {10.1075/cf.00003.van},
issn = {1876-1933},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Constructions and Frames},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
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publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
abstract = {The Dutch verb phrase (VP) is notorious for its syntactic intricacies. There are three main reasons why it is difficult to robustly handle its complexity in a processing model. First of all, a single VP can contain multiple modal auxiliaries (‘modal stacking’). Second, perfect auxiliaries can not only take a past participle as their argument but also a modal auxiliary in the infinitive form. Finally, there are various word orders in which the verb forms can appear. The first part of this paper presents a fully operational precision processing model of the Dutch VP in Fluid Construction Grammar. The model shows that the aforementioned challenges can be overcome by carefully managing the hierarchical relations between the elements of the VP. The second part introduces a robust comprehension method, which can process VPs containing morphological and word order errors. This method allows in many cases to recover the intended meaning of an erroneous VP, as well as to correct its form, using a strategy that exploits the deep semantic analyses and the bidirectional nature of the model.},
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The Dutch verb phrase (VP) is notorious for its syntactic intricacies. There are three main reasons why it is difficult to robustly handle its complexity in a processing model. First of all, a single VP can contain multiple modal auxiliaries (‘modal stacking’). Second, perfect auxiliaries can not only take a past participle as their argument but also a modal auxiliary in the infinitive form. Finally, there are various word orders in which the verb forms can appear. The first part of this paper presents a fully operational precision processing model of the Dutch VP in Fluid Construction Grammar. The model shows that the aforementioned challenges can be overcome by carefully managing the hierarchical relations between the elements of the VP. The second part introduces a robust comprehension method, which can process VPs containing morphological and word order errors. This method allows in many cases to recover the intended meaning of an erroneous VP, as well as to correct its form, using a strategy that exploits the deep semantic analyses and the bidirectional nature of the model.
Hoorens, Sebastien; Beuls, Katrien; Eecke, Paul Van
Constructions at Work! Visualising Linguistic Pathways for Computational Construction Grammar Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 29th Benelux Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 224–237, 2017.
@inproceedings{55c637613d494377a4964f7d70076018,
title = {Constructions at Work! Visualising Linguistic Pathways for Computational Construction Grammar},
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abstract = {Computational construction grammar combines well known concepts from artificial intelligence, linguistics and computer science into fully operational language processing models. These models allow to map an utterance to its meaning representation (comprehension), as well as to map a meaning representation to an utterance (formulation). The processing machinery is based on the unification of usage-patterns that combine morpho-syntactic and semantic information (constructions) with intermediate structures that contain all information that is known at a certain point in processing (transient structures). Language processing is then implemented as a search process, which searches for a sequence of constructions (a linguistic pathway) that successfully transforms an initial transient structure containing the input into a transient structure that qualifies as a goal. For larger grammars, these linguistic pathways become increasingly more complex, which makes them difficult to interpret and debug for the human researcher. In order to accommodate this problem, we present a novel approach to visualising the outcome of constructional language processing. The linguistic pathways are visualised as graphs featuring the applied constructions, why they could apply, with which bindings, and what information they have added. The visualisation tool is concretely implemented for Fluid Construction Grammar, but is also of interest to other flavours of computational construction grammar, as well as more generally to other unification-based search problems of high complexity.},
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Computational construction grammar combines well known concepts from artificial intelligence, linguistics and computer science into fully operational language processing models. These models allow to map an utterance to its meaning representation (comprehension), as well as to map a meaning representation to an utterance (formulation). The processing machinery is based on the unification of usage-patterns that combine morpho-syntactic and semantic information (constructions) with intermediate structures that contain all information that is known at a certain point in processing (transient structures). Language processing is then implemented as a search process, which searches for a sequence of constructions (a linguistic pathway) that successfully transforms an initial transient structure containing the input into a transient structure that qualifies as a goal. For larger grammars, these linguistic pathways become increasingly more complex, which makes them difficult to interpret and debug for the human researcher. In order to accommodate this problem, we present a novel approach to visualising the outcome of constructional language processing. The linguistic pathways are visualised as graphs featuring the applied constructions, why they could apply, with which bindings, and what information they have added. The visualisation tool is concretely implemented for Fluid Construction Grammar, but is also of interest to other flavours of computational construction grammar, as well as more generally to other unification-based search problems of high complexity.
Beuls, Katrien; Knight, Yana; Spranger, Michael
Russian verbs of motion and their aspectual partners in Fluid Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 300-318, 2017, ISSN: 1876-1933.
@article{22e226cfb1d14687a0cd867b8a2f7942,
title = {Russian verbs of motion and their aspectual partners in Fluid Construction Grammar},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Yana Knight and Michael Spranger},
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journal = {Constructions and Frames},
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abstract = {Russian boasts a highly complex aspectual system which can appear irregular and difficult to learn. It has recently been suggested that motion verbs, which are normally seen as exceptional in their nature, may in fact be at the core of this system, motivating aspectual behavior based on stem directionality. This suggests that analyzing motion verbs may help understand the Russian aspectual system as a whole. The present work demonstrates how Russian motion verbs and their aspectual partners can be implemented and processed successfully with Fluid Constructional Grammar. The study presents an example of language processing in both production and comprehension in operation and highlights the flexibility and power of this formalism, despite the challenges that this complex aspectual system poses.},
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Russian boasts a highly complex aspectual system which can appear irregular and difficult to learn. It has recently been suggested that motion verbs, which are normally seen as exceptional in their nature, may in fact be at the core of this system, motivating aspectual behavior based on stem directionality. This suggests that analyzing motion verbs may help understand the Russian aspectual system as a whole. The present work demonstrates how Russian motion verbs and their aspectual partners can be implemented and processed successfully with Fluid Constructional Grammar. The study presents an example of language processing in both production and comprehension in operation and highlights the flexibility and power of this formalism, despite the challenges that this complex aspectual system poses.
Beuls, Katrien
An Open-ended Construction-based Grammar for Spanish verb conjugation Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 276–299, 2017, ISSN: 1876-1933.
@article{fa1298e798534386b15d92b2166dfaf7,
title = {An Open-ended Construction-based Grammar for Spanish verb conjugation},
author = {Katrien Beuls},
issn = {1876-1933},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Constructions and Frames},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {276--299},
publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
abstract = {The Spanish verb phrase can take on many forms, depending on the temporal, aspectual and modal interpretation that a speaker wants to convey. At least half a dozen constructions work together to build or analyze even the simplest verb form such as hablo ‘I speak’. This paper documents how the complete Spanish verb conjugation system can be operationalized in a computational construction grammar formalism, namely Fluid Construction Grammar. Moreover, it shows how starting from a seed grammar that handles regular morphology and grammar one can create a productive grammar that captures systematicity in Spanish verb conjugation and can expand its construction inventory when new verbs are encountered.},
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The Spanish verb phrase can take on many forms, depending on the temporal, aspectual and modal interpretation that a speaker wants to convey. At least half a dozen constructions work together to build or analyze even the simplest verb form such as hablo ‘I speak’. This paper documents how the complete Spanish verb conjugation system can be operationalized in a computational construction grammar formalism, namely Fluid Construction Grammar. Moreover, it shows how starting from a seed grammar that handles regular morphology and grammar one can create a productive grammar that captures systematicity in Spanish verb conjugation and can expand its construction inventory when new verbs are encountered.
2016
Steels, Luc; Szathmáry, Eörs
Fluid construction grammar as a biological system Journal Article
In: Linguistics Vanguard, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, ISBN: 2199-174X.
@article{Steels2016,
title = {Fluid construction grammar as a biological system},
author = {Luc Steels and E\"{o}rs Szathm\'{a}ry},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2015-0022},
isbn = {2199-174X},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-12-01},
journal = {Linguistics Vanguard},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
abstract = {Mapping insights and frameworks from one scientific domain to another is often useful because it encourages communication between different scientific fields and acts as a conduit for the exchange of mathematical and computational tools. This paper introduces analogies between concepts and mechanisms from molecular biology and language processing. The main purpose is to find ways for understanding language as a ‘living’, dynamically evolving, self-organizing system. The analogies have been the main source of inspiration for a computational implementation of construction grammar, called Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). The paper describes briefly the biological analogies underlying FCG and discusses the opportunities for further research that these analogies open up.},
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Mapping insights and frameworks from one scientific domain to another is often useful because it encourages communication between different scientific fields and acts as a conduit for the exchange of mathematical and computational tools. This paper introduces analogies between concepts and mechanisms from molecular biology and language processing. The main purpose is to find ways for understanding language as a ‘living’, dynamically evolving, self-organizing system. The analogies have been the main source of inspiration for a computational implementation of construction grammar, called Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). The paper describes briefly the biological analogies underlying FCG and discusses the opportunities for further research that these analogies open up.
Marques, Tania Filipa Santos; Beuls, Katrien
A Construction Grammar Approach for Pronominal Clitics in European Portuguese Proceedings Article
In: Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, pp. 239-244, Springer Verlag, Germany, 2016, ISBN: 978-3-319-41552-9.
@inproceedings{0e55431554c9473b948e6b37a3fe8082,
title = {A Construction Grammar Approach for Pronominal Clitics in European Portuguese},
author = {Tania Filipa {Santos Marques} and Katrien Beuls},
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abstract = {Despite the growing number of Computational Construction Grammar implementations, the field is still lacking evaluation methods to compare grammar fragments across different platforms. Moreover, the hand-crafted nature of most grammars requires profiling tools to understand the complex interactions between constructions of different types. This paper presents a number of evaluation measures, partially based on existing measures in the field of semantic parsing, that are especially relevant for reversible grammar formalisms. The measures are tested on a grammar fragment for European Portuguese clitic placement that is currently under development.},
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Despite the growing number of Computational Construction Grammar implementations, the field is still lacking evaluation methods to compare grammar fragments across different platforms. Moreover, the hand-crafted nature of most grammars requires profiling tools to understand the complex interactions between constructions of different types. This paper presents a number of evaluation measures, partially based on existing measures in the field of semantic parsing, that are especially relevant for reversible grammar formalisms. The measures are tested on a grammar fragment for European Portuguese clitic placement that is currently under development.
Beuls, Katrien; van Trijp, Remi
Computational Construction Grammar and Constructional Change Journal Article
In: Belgian Journal of Linguistics, vol. 30, pp. 1–13, 2016, ISSN: 0774-5141.
@article{827c54b5f3564c50bd62ae27cc1d9a37,
title = {Computational Construction Grammar and Constructional Change},
author = {Katrien Beuls and Remi van Trijp},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.30},
issn = {0774-5141},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Belgian Journal of Linguistics},
volume = {30},
pages = {1--13},
publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
abstract = {After several decades in scientific purgatory, language evolution has reclaimed its place as one of the most important branches in linguistics, leading to high-profile publications in journals such as Science and Nature (eg Dunn et al. 2011, 2005; Gray and Atkinson 2003). This renewed interest is to a large extent driven by the development of quantitative methods that allow researchers to make powerful empirical observations about language change (Hall and Klein 2010; Heggarty et al. 2010; Kondrak 2002; Steiner et al. 2011; Wichmann et al. 2010). However, despite more sophisticated methods for retrieving which changes have taken place, the field is lacking methods for explaining how and why these changes come about, and what those changes can teach us about human cognition. This special issue aims to shed new light on these questions by exploring two important proposals:(i) language is a complex …},
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After several decades in scientific purgatory, language evolution has reclaimed its place as one of the most important branches in linguistics, leading to high-profile publications in journals such as Science and Nature (eg Dunn et al. 2011, 2005; Gray and Atkinson 2003). This renewed interest is to a large extent driven by the development of quantitative methods that allow researchers to make powerful empirical observations about language change (Hall and Klein 2010; Heggarty et al. 2010; Kondrak 2002; Steiner et al. 2011; Wichmann et al. 2010). However, despite more sophisticated methods for retrieving which changes have taken place, the field is lacking methods for explaining how and why these changes come about, and what those changes can teach us about human cognition. This special issue aims to shed new light on these questions by exploring two important proposals:(i) language is a complex …
Marques, Tania Filipa Santos; Beuls, Katrien
Evaluation strategies for computational construction grammars Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 1137-1146, 2016.
@inproceedings{marques2016evaluation,
title = {Evaluation strategies for computational construction grammars},
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2015
Knight, Yana; Spranger, Michael; Steels, Luc
A Vector Representation of Fluid Construction Grammar Using Holographic Reduced Representations Proceedings Article
In: Airenti, Gabriella; Bara, Bruno G; Sandini, Giulio; Cruciani, Marco (Ed.): Proceedings of the EuroAsianPacific Joint Conference on Cognitive Science / 4th European Conference on Cognitive Science / 11th International Conference on Cognitive Science, Torino, Italy, September 25-27, 2015, CEUR-WS.org, 2015.
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title = {A Vector Representation of Fluid Construction Grammar Using Holographic
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2013
van Trijp, Remi
A Comparison between Fluid Construction Grammar and Sign-Based Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 88-116, 2013.
@article{vantrijp2013comparison,
title = {A Comparison between Fluid Construction Grammar and Sign-Based Construction Grammar},
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Wellens, Pieter; van Trijp, Remi; Beuls, Katrien; Steels, Luc
Fluid Construction Grammar for Historical and Evolutionary Linguistics Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 127–132, 2013.
@inproceedings{b0598a98f849429fbbfaf54392187ac6,
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Fluid Construction Grammar is becoming increasingly more popular with historical and evolutionary linguists to answer a broader range of questions previously out of reach. Fluid Construction grammar can be used to operationalize different stages of language change and the grammaticalization processes that drive this change.
Beuls, Katrien
A constructionist approach to student modeling: tracing a student’s constructions through an agent-based tutoring architecture Proceedings Article
In: Bradley, Linda; Thou"esny, Sylvie (Ed.): EUROCALL Conference proceedings: Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future., pp. 45–50, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-908416-12-4.
@inproceedings{74b47f1c1c5c4a82a4a8696155295000,
title = {A constructionist approach to student modeling: tracing a student’s constructions through an agent-based tutoring architecture},
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abstract = {Construction Grammar is a well-established linguistic theory that takes the notion of a construction as the basic unit of language. A construction is a symbolic unit that builds up relational form-meaning mappings through a range of language-dependent categorizations. Although the Construction Grammar framework has developed a powerful descriptive and processing model of language, its current practitioners use it mainly to describe specific constructions in a language (from a synchronic or a diachronic perspective) or to theorize about its basic principles. Yet, the potential of Construction Grammar for language teaching or SLA has largely remained ignored, except for a few rare investigations that have confirmed the potential of learning and teaching constructions. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the benefits of adopting the Construction Grammar approach for modelling a student's linguistic knowledge and skills in a language tutoring application. The two major computational implementations of Construction Grammar, Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG) and Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG), have already experimented with simulations of constructional acquisition in first language learning. However, in this paper we propose a tutoring architecture for (adult) second language learning that relies on a student model that consists of the constructions that the student is thought (by the tutor) to have acquired. This student model is embodied in a fully operational student agent, which has a construction inventory, a grammar engine (to process constructions) and learning strategies (to update constructions after learning). The tutoring architecture also contains a tutor agent, which models a competent language user and has the same three components as the student agent. Additionally, the tutor agent has direct access to the student agent's states and can dispose of a range of tutoring strategies. Through linguistic interactions between the real student and the tutor agent, the student agent models the behaviour of the real student and tries to predict his input. The student construction inventory is aligned to the real student's input after every interaction. This innovative architecture, implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar, is demonstrated here for the use case of Spanish past tense expressions, which remains a complex task even for the most advanced learners of Spanish. Through the use of carefully designed diagnostics and repairs we show that the student construction inventory can be updated to maximally approach the real student's linguistic knowledge of the target domain.},
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Construction Grammar is a well-established linguistic theory that takes the notion of a construction as the basic unit of language. A construction is a symbolic unit that builds up relational form-meaning mappings through a range of language-dependent categorizations. Although the Construction Grammar framework has developed a powerful descriptive and processing model of language, its current practitioners use it mainly to describe specific constructions in a language (from a synchronic or a diachronic perspective) or to theorize about its basic principles. Yet, the potential of Construction Grammar for language teaching or SLA has largely remained ignored, except for a few rare investigations that have confirmed the potential of learning and teaching constructions. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the benefits of adopting the Construction Grammar approach for modelling a student's linguistic knowledge and skills in a language tutoring application. The two major computational implementations of Construction Grammar, Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG) and Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG), have already experimented with simulations of constructional acquisition in first language learning. However, in this paper we propose a tutoring architecture for (adult) second language learning that relies on a student model that consists of the constructions that the student is thought (by the tutor) to have acquired. This student model is embodied in a fully operational student agent, which has a construction inventory, a grammar engine (to process constructions) and learning strategies (to update constructions after learning). The tutoring architecture also contains a tutor agent, which models a competent language user and has the same three components as the student agent. Additionally, the tutor agent has direct access to the student agent's states and can dispose of a range of tutoring strategies. Through linguistic interactions between the real student and the tutor agent, the student agent models the behaviour of the real student and tries to predict his input. The student construction inventory is aligned to the real student's input after every interaction. This innovative architecture, implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar, is demonstrated here for the use case of Spanish past tense expressions, which remains a complex task even for the most advanced learners of Spanish. Through the use of carefully designed diagnostics and repairs we show that the student construction inventory can be updated to maximally approach the real student's linguistic knowledge of the target domain.
2012
Stadler, Kevin
Chunking Constructions Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{stadler2012chunking,
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van Trijp, Remi
A Reflective Architecture for Language Processing and Learning Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{vantrijp2012strategies,
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Fernando, Chrisantha
Fluid Construction Grammar in the Brain Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{fernando2012neuronal,
title = {Fluid Construction Grammar in the Brain},
author = {Chrisantha Fernando},
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year = {2012},
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Gerasymova, Kateryna
Expressing Grammatical Meaning with Morphology: A Case Study for Russian Aspect Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{gerasymova2012expressing,
title = {Expressing Grammatical Meaning with Morphology: A Case Study for Russian Aspect},
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year = {2012},
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Höfer, Sebastian
Complex Declension Systems and Morphology in Fluid Construction Grammar: A Case Study of Polish Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{hoefer2012complex,
title = {Complex Declension Systems and Morphology in Fluid Construction Grammar: A Case Study of Polish},
author = {Sebastian H\"{o}fer},
editor = {Luc Steels},
url = {http://www.fcg-net.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/hoefer2012complex.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar},
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Chang, Nancy; Beule, Joachim De; Micelli, Vanessa
Computational Construction Grammar: Comparing ECG and FCG Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{chang2012computational,
title = {Computational Construction Grammar: Comparing ECG and FCG},
author = {Nancy Chang and Joachim {De Beule} and Vanessa Micelli},
editor = {Luc Steels},
url = {http://www.fcg-net.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/chang2012computational.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar},
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Micelli, Vanessa
Field Topology and Information Structure: A Case Study for German Constituent Order Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{micelli2012field,
title = {Field Topology and Information Structure: A Case Study for German Constituent Order},
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editor = {Luc Steels},
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year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
address = {Berlin},
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Loetzsch, Martin
Tools for Grammar Engineering Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{loetzsch2012tools,
title = {Tools for Grammar Engineering},
author = {Martin Loetzsch},
editor = {Luc Steels},
url = {http://www.fcg-net.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/loetzsch2012tools.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar},
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Beuls, Katrien
Inflectional patterns as constructions: Spanish verb morphology in Fluid Construction Grammar Journal Article
In: Constructions and Frames, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 231–250, 2012, ISSN: 1876-1933.
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title = {Inflectional patterns as constructions: Spanish verb morphology in Fluid Construction Grammar},
author = {Katrien Beuls},
issn = {1876-1933},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
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abstract = {Although often a painful and prolonged process, conjugating verbs correctly is essential when you try to master a foreign language. Verbs that exhibit an irregular conjugation paradigm, however, are often the verbs that occur most frequently in a language. The nature of inflectional morphemes and the mechanism for conjugating verbs have been the topic of debate for 25 years now. This has lead to many different accounts of the problem, both in the field of descriptive linguistics as well as in a range of modeling approaches. The field of Construction Grammar has recently witnessed the theoretical work on Construction Morphology by Geert Booij (2010), but there has been no computational implementation suggested that could test the theory on a large scale. Using the framework of Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG), I investigate the grammar and morphological constructions that are needed to automatically conjugate the full paradigms of the 600 most frequently used verbs in Spanish. This paper reports a fully operational rule-based implementation of such a grammar and goes into the details of the constructions that support it. The results also show that morphological constructions are exemplary constructions since they combine two (or more) units (a stem and a suffix(es)) into a single meaningful unit (a conjugated verb form) that can be picked up by other discourse elements. Extensions towards embedding the conjugation constructions into a bigger grammar or automatically learning new morphological constructions remain the focus of future work.},
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Although often a painful and prolonged process, conjugating verbs correctly is essential when you try to master a foreign language. Verbs that exhibit an irregular conjugation paradigm, however, are often the verbs that occur most frequently in a language. The nature of inflectional morphemes and the mechanism for conjugating verbs have been the topic of debate for 25 years now. This has lead to many different accounts of the problem, both in the field of descriptive linguistics as well as in a range of modeling approaches. The field of Construction Grammar has recently witnessed the theoretical work on Construction Morphology by Geert Booij (2010), but there has been no computational implementation suggested that could test the theory on a large scale. Using the framework of Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG), I investigate the grammar and morphological constructions that are needed to automatically conjugate the full paradigms of the 600 most frequently used verbs in Spanish. This paper reports a fully operational rule-based implementation of such a grammar and goes into the details of the constructions that support it. The results also show that morphological constructions are exemplary constructions since they combine two (or more) units (a stem and a suffix(es)) into a single meaningful unit (a conjugated verb form) that can be picked up by other discourse elements. Extensions towards embedding the conjugation constructions into a bigger grammar or automatically learning new morphological constructions remain the focus of future work.
Steels, Luc
Design Methods for Fluid Construction Grammar Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{steels2012design-methods,
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Steels, Luc (Ed.)
Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar Book
Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
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Steels, Luc; Beule, Joachim De; Wellens, Pieter
Fluid Construction Grammar on Real Robots Book Section
In: Steels, Luc; Hild, Manfred (Ed.): Language Grounding in Robot, pp. 195-213, Springer, New York, 2012.
@incollection{fcg-robots,
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Beule, Joachim De
A Formal Deconstruction of Fluid Construction Grammar Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{debeule2012formal,
title = {A Formal Deconstruction of Fluid Construction Grammar},
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Gerasymova, Kateryna; Spranger, Michael; Beuls, Katrien
A Language Strategy for Aspect: Encoding Aktionsarten through Morphology Book Chapter
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Experiments in Cultural Language Evolution, pp. 257–276, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Netherlands, 2012, ISBN: 978-90-272-0456-1, (Kerstin Dautenhahn, Angelo Cangelosi).
@inbook{934882623c364a51849cfad5702f4abb,
title = {A Language Strategy for Aspect: Encoding Aktionsarten through Morphology},
author = {Kateryna Gerasymova and Michael Spranger and Katrien Beuls},
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This chapter explores a possible language strategy for verbalizing aspect: the encoding of Aktionsarten by means of morphological markers. The Russian tense-aspect system is used as a model. We first operationalize this system and reconstruct the learning operators needed for acquiring it. Then we perform a first language formation experiment in which a novel system of Aktionsarten emerges and gets coordinated between agents, driven by a need for higher expressivity.
Beuls, Katrien
Handling Scope in Fluid Construction Grammar: A Case Study for Spanish Modals Book Chapter
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, pp. 123–142, Springer, 2012, ISBN: 978-3-642-34119-9, (Luc Steels).
@inbook{00445b0cfd644ec88ed8df954b4e67c6,
title = {Handling Scope in Fluid Construction Grammar: A Case Study for Spanish Modals},
author = {Katrien Beuls},
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abstract = {This paper demonstrates one way how the Spanish epistemic modal system can be implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar. Spanish is a Romance language with a rich morpho-phonological system that is characterised by paradigmatic stem changes, a considerable degree of syncretism in verbal suffixes and a sophisticated usage of modal markers. Because the choice of mood does not only depend on the linguistic expression that is used (e.g. "probablemente", "creo que ..."), but also on the position of such expression in the utterance and its scope, the processing engine needs to be flexible enough to capture these conditions. The formal implementation of the Spanish conjugational paradigm with special focus on syncretic markers forms a prerequisite for the processing of verbal mood and modal expressions.},
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This paper demonstrates one way how the Spanish epistemic modal system can be implemented in Fluid Construction Grammar. Spanish is a Romance language with a rich morpho-phonological system that is characterised by paradigmatic stem changes, a considerable degree of syncretism in verbal suffixes and a sophisticated usage of modal markers. Because the choice of mood does not only depend on the linguistic expression that is used (e.g. "probablemente", "creo que ..."), but also on the position of such expression in the utterance and its scope, the processing engine needs to be flexible enough to capture these conditions. The formal implementation of the Spanish conjugational paradigm with special focus on syncretic markers forms a prerequisite for the processing of verbal mood and modal expressions.
Wellens, Pieter; Beuls, Katrien; van Trijp, Remi
Diagnostics and Repairs in Fluid Construction Grammar Book Chapter
In: Steels, Luc; Hild, Manfred (Ed.): Language Grounding in Robots, pp. 215–234, Springer, 2012, ISBN: 978-1-4614-3063-6, (Luc Steels and Manfred Hild).
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abstract = {Linguistic utterances are full of errors and novel expressions, yet linguistic communication is remarkably robust. This paper presents a double-layered architecture for open-ended language processing, in which 'diagnostics' and 'repairs' operate on a meta-level for detecting and solving problems that may occur during habitual processing on a routine layer. Through concrete operational examples, this paper demonstrates how such an architecture can directly monitor and steer linguistic processing, and how language can be embedded in a larger cognitive system.},
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Linguistic utterances are full of errors and novel expressions, yet linguistic communication is remarkably robust. This paper presents a double-layered architecture for open-ended language processing, in which 'diagnostics' and 'repairs' operate on a meta-level for detecting and solving problems that may occur during habitual processing on a routine layer. Through concrete operational examples, this paper demonstrates how such an architecture can directly monitor and steer linguistic processing, and how language can be embedded in a larger cognitive system.
Sierra, Josefina
A Logic Programming Approach to Parsing and Production in Fluid Construction Grammar Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{sierra2012logic,
title = {A Logic Programming Approach to Parsing and Production in Fluid Construction Grammar},
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year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar},
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Ciortuz, Liviu; Saveluc, Vlad
Fluid Construction Grammar and Feature Constraints Logics Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Computational Issues in Fluid Construction Grammar, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2012.
@incollection{ciortuz2012fcglight,
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2011
Steels, Luc
Introducing Fluid Construction Grammar Book Section
In: Steels, Luc (Ed.): Design Patterns in Fluid Construction Grammar, pp. 3-30, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2011.
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year = {2011},
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